The sacred writings of
religions, comprising a large portion of the religious literature of the world. The sacred scriptures containing the message of guidance are available to the
people after the messengers are gone. Allah says: “He has spelled out His
revelations for people who want to understand.”(Qur’an;10:5). Scriptures vary in form, volume, age, and degree of sacredness. Nearly all scriptures were originally oral and
were passed down as memorized texts through several generations before being
put in writing except Qur’an, the sacred scripture of Islam, which beside being
memorized was also written down at the time of revelation under direct
supervision of the Prophet (peace be upon him). Qur’an, the latest scripture mentions Torah, Zabur
(Psalms) and Injeel (Gospel) by name, the scriptures revealed to Prophet
Moses, David and Jesus Christ (peace be upon them all) respectively, however
this does not preclude existence of other scriptures, like the one to Abraham
(peace be upon him), now extinct. Allah says: “We have sent thee (O’ Muhammad)
inspiration as We sent it to Noah and the prophets after him; We sent
inspiration to Abraham Ishmael Isaac Jacob and the Tribes to Jesus Job Jonah
Aaron and Solomon and to David We gave the Psalms. Of some Messengers We have
already told thee the story; of others We have not; and to Moses Allah spoke
direct.”(Qur’an;4:163-164). None of the present books of the Bible have reached
through the manuscript of its author. The available manuscripts date from
several centuries after the original books were written. The books of New
Testament lack conformity, there are more than 5000 manuscripts, written during
different periods by different authors mostly unknown. Hence the Muslims, while
believing in all the previous prophets and ‘original scriptures’ adhere to
Qur’an, the final preserved revelations, ‘The Last Testament’ available for the
guidance of humanity which abrogated all the previous scriptures.
Testament of Abraham:
Qur’an mentions that the law of
righteousness and godliness is not a new law, the spiritual truths have been
renewed and reiterated again and again in the previous scriptures from Abraham
to Moses: “And This is In the Books of the earliest (Revelation),The Books of
Abraham and Moses.”(Qur’an;87:18-19); “Or has he not been notified about what
was in the books of Moses and of Abraham who always kept his
word:”(Qur’an;53:36-37). There is a book in Greek, which has been translated by
Mr. G.H. Box, called the ‘Testament of Abraham’ (published by the Society for
the Promotion of Christian Knowledge, London ,
1927). It seems to be a Greek translation of a Hebrew original. The Greek Text
was probably written in the second Christian century, in Egypt, but in its
present form it probably goes back only to the 9th or 10th Century. It was
popular among the Christians. Perhaps the Jewish Midrash also refers to a
‘Testament of Abraham’.
THE BIBLE:
The Hebrew Bible (Old Testament) is the scripture of Judaism; the Bible (Old and New
Testaments together) is the scripture of Christianity. Word ‘Bible’, is derived from Greek biblos ("book") can be
compared with byblos ("Papyrus": The
writing material of ancient times and also the plant from which it was
derived). In the fifth century after Christ, name ‘Bible’ began to be given to
the entire collection of sacred books, the "Library of Divine
Revelation." The name Bible was adopted by Wickliffe , and came gradually into use in the
English language. Interestingly the word ‘Bible’ does not exist in the text of
Bible. The order as well as the number of books
differs between the Jewish Bible, the Protestant and Roman Catholic versions of
the Bible. The sixty-six different books of the Bible were composed by many
different writers, in three different languages, under different circumstances;
writers of almost every social rank, statesmen and peasants, kings, herdsmen,
fishermen, priests, tax-gatherers, tentmakers; educated and uneducated, Jews
and Gentiles; most of them unknown to each other, and writing at various
periods during the long period spread over 1600 years. No original manuscripts exist. There is probably not one book
which survives in anything like its original form. There are hundreds of
differences between the oldest manuscripts of any one book. These differences
indicate that numerous additions and alterations were made to the originals by
various copyists and editors. The earliest extant Greek translation of the Hebrew Scriptures from
the original Hebrew is known as Septuagint. Presumably this translation was made for the use of the Jewish
community in Egypt
when Greek was the lingua franca. The Pentateuch was
translated near the middle of the 3rd century BC; the rest of the Hebrew
Scriptures were translated in the 2nd century BC. The name Septuagint was
derived from a legend that 72 translators worked on the project. Its influence
was far-reaching. The Septuagint rather than the original Hebrew Bible was the
main basis for the Old Latin, Coptic, Ethiopic, Armenian, Georgian, Slavonic,
and some Arabic translations of the Bible.
The Old Testament:
The Bible comprise of Old Testament and
New Testament. The word, ‘Testament’ comes fro the Latin ‘testamentum’,
translating the Greek ‘diatheke’,
the word chosen by Septuagint to translate the Hebrew word, ‘berith’, which strictly speaking means
‘Covenant’ or the covenant between human beings and God’. The Jewish Bible,
which include the Hebrew scripture, the Pentateuch, the Prophets, and the
Hagiographa, forming the covenant between God and the Jewish people that is the
foundation and Bible of Judaism while for the Christians it constitute the Old
Testament. The New Testament comprising the Gospels, Acts, Pauline and other
Epistles, and the Book of Revelation, together viewed by Christians as forming
the record of the new dispensation belonging to the Church. The authenticity,
accuracy and originality of presently available Torah, Psalm, Gospel and other
books as revealed scriptures is
doubtful, which is also evident from the long history and complex process of
compilation, transmission, revisions, translations and canonization.
The Old Testament, containing thirty-nine
books, (Appendix III) and the New Testament, contains twenty-seven books. There
is a break of 400 years between the Old Testament and the New Testament. The
sixty-six books of Bible which include 39 books
of Old Testaments and 27 books of New Testaments were chosen, after a
bit of haggling, by the Catholic Council of Carthage in 397 C.E; almost four
hundred years after the time of Prophet Jesus (peace be upon him). The Bible of
Protestants consists of total 66 books and the Bible of Catholic has 73 books.
The literature of the Bible has played a special role in the history and
culture of the Western & Christian world.
Torah:
Torah is often restricted to signify the first five books of
the Old Testament, also called the ‘Law’ or the ‘Pentateuch’. These are the
books traditionally ascribed to Prophet Moses (peace be upon him), the
recipient of the original revelation from God on Mount
Sinai . Jewish, Roman Catholic, Eastern Orthodox, and Protestant
canons all agree on their order as: Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, and
Deuteronomy. The written Torah, in the restricted sense of the Pentateuch, is
preserved in all Jewish synagogues on handwritten parchment scrolls that reside
inside the ark of the Law. They are removed and returned to their place with
special reverence. Readings
from the Torah (Pentateuch) form an important part of Jewish liturgical
services. The term Torah is also used to designate the entire Hebrew Bible.
Since for some Jews the laws and customs passed down through oral traditions
are part and parcel of God's revelation to Prophet Moses (peace be upon him)
and constitute the "Oral Torah," Torah is also understood to include
both the Oral Law and the Written Law. Rabbinic commentaries on and
interpretations of both Oral and Written Law have been viewed by some as extensions
of sacred oral tradition, thus broadening still further the meaning of Torah to
designate the entire body of Jewish laws.
Torah comprise of those commandments and instructions
raveled to Prophet Moses (peace be upon him) starting with his appointment of
Messengers-ship till his death, spread over forty years. Allah says: “We gave
Moses the Holy Book (Torah) and the criterion of right and wrong so that you
might be rightly guided”( Qur’an;2:53 ). It include the Ten
Commandments given by God on the stone tablets, while Prophet Moses (peace be
upon him) got the remaining commandments written, twelve copies were prepared
and handed over to each of the twelve tribes. One copy was given in the
protective custody to the Levite, which is called Torah. This was intact in the
form of Book till the first destruction of Jerusalem (586 B.C). The Levite’s copy of
Torah along with stone tablets was kept in the box of covenant. It was so much
ignored that during repairs of Temple
the Hilki'ah, the chief priest found it and presented to king. It is due to
this apathy that few copies of Torah lying in the Temple were lost for ever, during destruction
of the Temple
by Nebuchadnezzar, the king of Babylon .
After a captivity of many years, this restoration was begun (536 B.C.),
Ezra (Prophet Uzair, peace be upon him)
with the help of other notables arranged the entire history of Children of
Israel which is now available in the form of first seventeen books of Old
Testament.
In the broadest sense Torah (Taurat) is claimed to be
the substance of divine revelation to Israel , the Jewish people: God's
revealed teaching or guidance for mankind. The actual Torah revealed to Moses
is scattered in the books, which can be identified to begin with the phrases,
where ever the writer writes; “the God said to Moses” or” Moses said, the Lord your Lord says” and
ends with other events. Wherever the author gets in to his explanations and
exegesis, it becomes difficult for normal reader to distinguish the Torah from
the exegesis. However the experts of ‘revealed scriptures’ can distinguish the
divine revelations with some accuracy. Qur’an considers these scattered phrases
as Torah and verifies them. If these scattered phrases are compiled and
compared with Qur’an, it may be found that apart from some differences in
parts, there is no difference in their
basic teachings. Allah says: “And, verily, (the essence of) this (revelation,
i.e. Qur’an) is indeed found in the ancient books of divine wisdom (as well)
(Qur’an;26:196,link 2:42, 61:6); “(O Children of Israel) Believe in My
revelations, which are confirming your scriptures; do not be the first one to
deny My revelations, and do not sell them for a petty price, fear Me and Me
alone”( Qur’an;2:41). Hence it becomes evident that the original source of both
the books (Bible and Qur’an) is the same. Allah says: “We have sent thee
inspiration as We sent it to Noah and the Messengers after him; We sent
inspiration to Abraham Ishmael Isaac Jacob and the Tribes to Jesus Job Jonah
Aaron and Solomon and to David We gave the Psalms.”(Qura’n;4:163).
Psalms:
The book of Psalms in
the Bible, is widely known for the sacred song or poems. When the Hebrew Bible
was translated into Greek (the Septuagint), in the original Hebrew text the
book had no name, it was titled Psalterion, referring to a stringed instrument
that would accompany such songs. The collection contains much devotional poetry
of a high order. Its 150 psalms, ranging in subject from
songs of joyous faith and thanksgiving to songs of bitter protest and lamentation,
rank among the immortal poems of all time. They have had a profound influence
on the liturgies of Judaism and Christianity. Their dating and authorship are
highly problematic. The distinction of King and
Prophet David (peace be upon him) was the Zabur (Psalms), some of which are still extant. Though their
present form is different from the original and they do undoubtedly also
include Psalms not written by David.
Talmud:
Apart from Hebrew’s
Bible,
Talmud (in Hebrew: Study, or Learning) is the intellectual work, it comprise
the scholarly interpretations, systematic amplification and
analysis of passages of the Mishna (Oldest authoritative collection of Jewish
oral law, supplementing the written laws in the Hebrew Scriptures), the Gemara
(commentary on Mishna), and other Oral Law, including the Tosefta (supplements
to the Mishna, compiled around 300 C.E). The Talmud is, first and
foremost, a legal compilation, although it deals with the matters of almost all
areas of human interest. Two types of Talmuds exist, which
have been produced by two different groups of Jewish scholars: the Babylonian
Talmud (600 C.E) and the Palestinian Talmud (400 C.E). The Babylonian Talmud is
more extensive and thus more highly esteemed. Both Talmuds formulate their own
hermeneutics to convey their theological system by defining the Torah and by
demonstrating its perfection and comprehensive character. The Talmud remains a
text of central importance, particularly in Orthodox Judaism. Intensive modern
Talmudic scholarship is pursued in Israel and the U.S. The religious study of the Torah in
search of the God who makes Himself known in that work is called ‘Talmud Torah’. It focuses on learning God's message for contemporary times
through inquiry into the books of Hebrew scripture or those that record the
original oral Torah of Sinai, the Mishna, Midrash (large collection of writings
that examine the Hebrew Bible in the light of oral tradition), and Talmuds.
Talmud Torah is also the name given to an elementary school under Jewish auspices
that places special emphasis on religious education.
The New Testament:
The New
Testament is the second,
later, and smaller of the two major divisions of the Christian Bible, and the
portion that is canonical (authoritative) only to Christianity (Appendix III). It recounts the life and ministry of Prophet Jesus (peace be upon
him) and interprets their meaning for the early church, focusing especially on
the new covenant created between God and the followers of Prophet Jesus (peace
be upon him). Like the Old Testament it contains a variety of writing, there are 27 books in the New Testament: four Gospels, or stories
of the life and teachings of Christ; the Acts of the Apostles, a historical
narrative of the first years of the Christian church; 21 epistles, or letters
of advice and instruction to early Christians; and the Book of Revelation, a
description of the coming apocalypse: “I warn every one who hears the
words of the prophecy of this book: if
any one adds to them, God will add to him the plagues described in this
book, and if any one takes away from the
words of the book of this prophecy, God will take away his share in the tree of
life and in the holy city, which are described in this book.”(Revelations;22:18-19).
Most books were written in the later 1st century AD, though
none can be dated precisely. Only two authors are known for certain: Paul,
credited with 13 epistles (some make it 14); and Luke, writer of the third
gospel and the Book of Acts. Attributions of other authors range from highly likely
(for the other three gospels) to completely unknown (for the Epistle to the
Hebrews). These documents circulated among the early churches and were used as
preaching and teaching sources.
Saint
Paul - The Main Writer of New Testament:
(10-67 C.E), The real
founder of Christianity as religion and
alleged author of most of books of New Testament is the early
Christian missionary and theologian, Saint Paul (10-67
C.E), also known as the Apostle to the Gentiles. His original name was Saul, born as a Jew in Tarsus , Asia Minor .
Like many of the Jews there he inherited Roman citizenship, probably
granted by the Romans as a reward for mercenary service in the previous
century. He used his Jewish name, Saul, within the Jewish community and his
Roman surname, Paul, when speaking to Greeks. He was
trained as a rabbi but earned his living as a tentmaker. He never met
Prophet Jesus (peace be upon him) while in Jerusalem .
A zealous Pharisee, (the
ancient Jewish
sect that emphasized strict interpretation and observance of the Mosaic Law in
both its oral and written form) he enthusiastically
participated in the persecution and killing of the early Christians.
When one of them, Stephen, was stoned to death, the murderers "laid down
their garments at the feet of a young man named Saul"(Acts;7:58 ). Later he
converted to Christianity claiming to have experienced a vision of Prophet
Jesus (peace be upon him), while on the road to Damascus . Three years later he met St. Peter
and James and was henceforth became to be known as the 13th Apostle.
From his base in Antioch ,
he traveled widely, preaching to the Gentiles (non Jews). [Antioch was an ancient town of Phrygia ,a city of
southern Turkey
on the Orontes River near the Mediterranean
Sea . Founded around 300 B.C. by Seleucus I, it was an important
military and commercial center in the Roman era and an early center of
Christianity. It was a center of Hellenistic influence located north of
present-day Antalya , Turkey .]
By asserting that
non-Jewish disciples of Christ did not have to observe Jewish law, he helped to
establish Christianity as a separate religion rather than a Jewish sect. On
a journey to Jerusalem ,
he aroused such hostility among the Jews that a mob gathered, and he was
arrested and imprisoned for two years. The circumstances of his death are
unknown. Paul's ministry and religious views are known largely from his
letters, or epistles, collected in the New Testament, which are the first
Christian theological writing and the source of much Christian doctrine.
Paul, all but
totally obliterated the teachings of Prophet Jesus (peace be upon him)
based upon the authority of his alleged "visions". Paul’s teachings were
based more upon his personal philosophy and beliefs than any attempt to cite
words or actions of Prophet Jesus (peace be upon him) himself (e.g. Galatians
2). His followers slaughtered all
Christians who would not forsake the teachings of the apostles for his
teachings and he was later made the "majority author" of the New
Testament (14 out of 27 books) and countless authentic gospels were burned and
labeled apocrypha (Writings or statements of questionable authorship or
authenticity) by his followers.
It can be seen that the current religion
of "Christianity" is based
more on the doctrines and writings of Paul than anything else. The Gospels which are
popularly believed to have been written first, were in actuality written long
after the writings of Paul. It was due to Paul more than
anyone else that Christianity became a world religion.
The Gospels:
The word ‘gospel’ is derived from the
Anglo-Saxon term ‘god-spell’, meaning ‘good story’, a rendering of the Latin ‘evangelium’ and the Greek ‘euangelion’ (Arabic; Injil), meaning
‘good news’ or "good telling". The 73 or 66 books of New Testament
include four Gospels. The Gospel, is any of four biblical narratives covering
the life, the person, death (according to Christian belief) and the teachings
of Prophet Jesus (peace be upon him), as he was remembered by the Christian
community. Traditionally their authorship (highly speculative) is attributed to
Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John (the four evangelists), they are placed at the
beginning of the New Testament and make up about half the total text.
Prophet Jesus Christ (peace be upon him)
conveyed orally to the people what God had originally revealed to him. His disciples, too,
propagated it among the people by the spoken words in such a manner that they
presented an admixture of their Prophet's life-story and the verses revealed to
Prophet Jesus (peace be upon him). None of this material was put into
writing during the lifetime of Prophet Jesus Christ (peace be upon him) or even
in the period immediately following him. It fell to the lot of the
Christians whose vernacular was Greek to transform the oral traditions into writing.
It must be borne in mind that Christ's native tongue was Syriac or Aramaic and
his disciples, too, spoke the same language. Most Greek-speaking authors heard
these traditions in the Aramaic vernacular and committed them to writing in
Greek. The oral traditions have been put into writing from Aramaic to Greek
from 50-70 C.E.
Ever since the period of Prophet Jesus
Christ (peace be upon him), there have been people who tried to follow the
message preached by Prophet Jesus i.e. To
worship one God, adhere to the basic teachings of Moses and follow
the Law (Torah). They considered Prophet Jesus (peace be upon him) as a human,
Messenger of God, not God. These groups survived in good numbers up to 4th
Century, after Prophet Jesus (peace be upon him) till the Trinitarians got
upper hand by winning over Emperor Constantine of Roman
Empire in early 4th century C.E.
The Council of Nicaea (Iznik-Turkey) in 325
C.E, besides declaring these groups illegal, selected four Gospels out of a
minimum of three hundred available and the rest, including the Gospel of
Barnabas (most authentic), were ordered utterly destroyed. However amazingly
some copies of Gospel of Barnabas survived, one recently discovered from
a cave in Oloderay, a village
of Turkey . A copy is also
reported to have been found at the Vatican ’s library. It has been prohibited
by the church, because it is against the doctrine of Christianity which
contradict the teachings of Prophet Jesus, peace be upon him) and the
unambiguous prophecies mentioned in his Gospel regarding the advent of Prophet
Muhammad (peace be upon him). All Gospels written in Hebrew were also ordered
to be destroyed.
Council of Laodicea (364 C.E) added six books as
believable, later in 397 C.E another conference at Carthage , added six more Books. Three more conferences were
held after this in Trullo, Florence
and Trent
(1545-63 C.E). They confirmed the decision of the Council of Carthage and
included nearly all the previously doubtful books in the list of acknowledged
books. The status of these books remained unchanged until the Protestant
Reformation in the 16th century.
The Protestants repudiated the decisions
of the councils and declared that there are only 66 truly "inspired"
books of God, and not 73 as claimed by the Catholics. If it is blasphemy to
take even a word from the Bible (Revelations:22:18 -19), who is blaspheming? Those who added these seven
books from the very beginning or those who expunged them.
Since the late 18th century the first three gospels
(Matthew, Mark & Luke) have been called the Synoptic Gospels, because the
texts, set side by side, show a similar treatment of the life of Prophet Jesus
Christ (peace be upon him). The four New Testament Gospels compiled as a single
narrative by Tatian about
150 C.E is called Diatessaron. It was the standard Gospel text in
the Syrian Middle East until about 400 C.E, when it was replaced by the four
separated Gospels. Quotations from the Diatessaron
appear in ancient Syriac literature, but no ancient Syriac manuscript now
exists. A 3rd-century Greek papyrus fragment was discovered in 1933 at
Doura-Europus, northwest of Baghdad ,
Iraq . Whether
the original writing was done in Greek or Syriac is unknown. There are also
manuscripts in Arabian and Persian and translations into European languages
made during the Middle Ages.
The Christian scholars, with extensive research
are uncovering extensive evidence that these Gospels were not even written by
their claimed authors.
Bultmann, Rudolf (1884-1976),
a German Protestant theologian and New Testament
scholar carried out the analysis of the Gospels in ‘History of the Synoptic Tradition’(1921). He also examined the
New Testament using historical criticism to demythologize it. He held that
Christian faith should focus less on the historical Jesus and more on the
transcendent Christ. John Biddle (1615-62 C.E), an
English theologian was involved in English translation of Bible from Greek. His
knowledge of the Greek text of the New Testament convinced him that the
doctrine of the Trinity was not of scriptural origin, he published his
Unitarian convictions in ‘Twelve
Arguments Drawn out of Scripture’ . . . (1647 C.E). He was repeatedly
imprisoned and persecuted. Even the Popes
themselves would sometimes recognize the falsehood about the dual nature of
Prophet Jesus (peace be upon him) and the fact that it was a later fabrication.
One of these popes, Honorius I (Pope from 625 to 638 C.E), was officially
cursed due to similar views forty eight years after his death by the Synod
(council) which was held in Constantinople (Istanbul) in 680 C.E.
The
first English version of the Scriptures made by direct translation from the original Hebrew and Greek, and the first to be printed,
was the work of William Tyndale(1490-1536 C.E). He was
of the view that the Bible alone should determine the practices and doctrines
of the church and that every believer should be able to read the Bible in his
own language. Fearing as an effort to undermine their monopoly and deceit, the
church authorities in England
prevented him from translating the Bible, thus he went to Germany . His
New Testament translation was completed and printed in 1525, which was ordered to be burnt. He was finally betrayed
into the hands of his enemies, and in October 1536, was publicly executed and
burned at the stake.
Tyndale's work became
the foundation of subsequent English translations, beginning with the King James
Version of 1611. Ever since the Bible has been translated in almost all the
languages of the world. Yet
the King James Version has grave defects. By the middle of the
nineteenth century,
the development of Biblical studies and the discovery of many manuscripts more
ancient than those upon which the King James Version was based, made it manifest that these defects are so many and
so serious as to call for revision of the English translation. The task was
undertaken, by authority of the Church of
England, in 1870. The English Revised Version of the Bible was published
in 1881-1885; and the American Standard Version, its variant embodying
the preferences of the American scholars associated in the works was published in 1901. Thirty-two scholars have
served as members of the Committee charged with making the revision, and they have secured the review and counsel of an Advisory Board of fifty representatives of the
co-operating denominations. If in the judgment of the Committee the meaning of a passage is quite uncertain or
obscure, either because of corruption in the text or because of the inadequacy of
present knowledge of the language, that fact is indicated by a note. It should not be assumed, however, that the
Committee was entirely sure or unanimous concerning every rendering not so
indicated.
The
Revised Standard Version Bible Committee is a
continuing body, holding its meetings at regular intervals. It has become both
ecumenical and international, with
Protestant and Catholic active members, who come from Great Britain , Canada ,
and the United States . There
are over forty different major versions of Bible, suitable to the doctrine of
different followers, one claiming to be batter and more accurate than other.
The main versions are: The King James (Authorized) Version, The English Revised
Version, The American Standard Version, The Revised Standard Version, Jewish
Versions, The New English Bible and The Catholic Versions. Encyclopedia
Britannica, mentions that; There is no reliable evidence of any pre-Islamic
Arabic translation of Bible. Only when large Jewish and Christian communities
found themselves under Muslim rule after the Arab conquests of the 7th century
did the need for an Arabic vernacular Scripture arise. The first and most
important was that of Sa'adia ben Joseph (892-942 C.E), made directly from
Hebrew and written in Hebrew script, which became the standard version for all
Jews in Muslim countries.
The Gospel (Injeel) -
Islamic Perception:
According to Islamic traditions, Injeel (Gospel) is the name given to those
revealed discourses and sayings of Prophet Jesus (peace be upon him) during the
last two and half or three years as prophet of God for the Israelites. There is
no authentic information available about their recording and compilation before
his accession. The Gospels of Mathew, Mark, Luke and John are not actually
Gospels but Gospel (Injeel) is the sayings and discourses of Prophet
Jesus (peace be upon him) recorded in these books in uncorrupted form. The only
method to distinguish them from other narratives, comments and exegesis is that
wherever the author writes, “Jesus said…”
or “Jesus taught..” may help to
extract part of Gospel i.e. “Jesus said unto him, Thou shalt love the Lord thy
God with all thy heart, and with all thy soul, and with all thy mind.”(Matthew;22:37 ); “Think not that I have come to abolish the law and the prophets;
I have come not to abolish them but to fulfil them. . . . Whoever then relaxes
one of the least of these Commandments and teaches men so, shall be called
least in the kingdom of heaven;”
(Gospel-Mathew;5:17 -20).
Qur’an calls the original revelations (now almost
extinct, distorted) of God to Prophet
Jesus (peace be upon him) as Injeel (Qur’an;5:46 ).
Hence some parts of original Injeel (Gospel) may be retrieved through
critical comparison of selected sayings of Prophet Jesus (peace be upon him)
matching with the narratives in Qur’an on similar subject being the standard
Criterion (Al-Furqan) (Qur’an;25:1,
2:185, 3:4)
Inconsistencies, Violence and Obscenities in Bible:
Despite all the revisions, the Bible is still full of
contradictions, violence, obscenities and interpolations; many volumes are
required to explain them; only few examples are mentioned here; First; the
doctrinal aspects: God dwells in light
(1Timothy;6:16); God dwells in darkness (1Kings;8:12, Pslams;18:11). God is all
powerful (Jeremiah;32:27,17, Mathew;19:26 );
God is not all powerful (Judges;1:19 ).
God is not author of evil (Psalms;19:7-8, Deuteronomy;32:4); God is the author
of evil (Ezekiel;20:25 ,
Lamentations; 3:38 ,
Jeremiah;18:11 , Amos;3:6).
God is peaceful (Romns;15:33 ,
1Corrintihans;14:33 ), God
is warlike (Exodus;15:3, Isaiah;51:15). God cannot lie (Numbers;23:19 , Hebrews;6:18 ), God lies (Jeremiah;4:10 , 2 Thessalonians;2:11 , 1Kings;22:23 , Ezekiel;14:9). Heaven, no man hath ascended (John;3:13 ) contradicted by 2Kings;2:11 , Elijah ascended, and Genesis;5:24 Enoch ascended. Judas
(treacherous disciple of Jesus) hanged himself (Mathew;27:5), he did not hang
himself but died other way (Acts;1:18 ).
Mission of Jesus was to implement the Law of Moses (Mathew;5:17 -19), Law superseded by Christian
dispensations (Luke;16:16 ,
Ephesians;2:15 ,
Romans;7:6). Man is Not justified by faith alone (James;2:21 ,24, Romans;2:13 ), man is justified by faith alone (Romans;3:20 , Galatians;2:16 , 3:11 -12).
Jesus lost "None" of his disciples (John;18:9) contradicted by, he
lost only "One" (John;17:12 ).
All are sinners (2Chronicles;6:36 )
contradicted by: "Whosoever is born of God doth not commit sin"
(1John;3:9).
In the New Testament the Jesus Christ (peace be upon him) says: “But as for these enemies of mine, who did not want me to reign over them, bring them here and slay them before me.”(Luke;19:27); “Think not that I came to send peace on the earth: I came not to send peace, but a sword.”(Mathew;10:34), “I came to cast fire upon the earth; and what do I desire, if it is already kindled?” (Luke;12:49),“Do you think that I have come to give peace in the earth? I tell you, no, but rather division.”(Luke;12:51); “And, behold, one of those who were with Jesus stretched out his hand, and drew his Sword, and struck a servant of the high priests, and cut off his ear.”(Mathew;26:51). Saint. Paul, in commending the worthy fruits of Faith, mentions the warriors of the Old Testament as his ideals: “And what more shall I say? For time would fail me to tell of Gideon, Barak, Samson, Jephthah, of David and Samuel and the prophets -- who through faith conquered kingdoms, enforced justice, received promises, stopped the mouths of lions, quenched raging fire, escaped the edge of the sword, won strength out of weakness, became mighty in war, put foreign armies to flight.” (Hebrews; 11: 32-34). The monkish morality of the Gospels in their present form has never been followed by any self-respecting Christian in the history. The Crusades (1095-1291 C.E), Spanish inquisition against Muslims, Jews and Church inquisitions against different Christian sects on the pretext of heresy resulted in the death and destruction of millions.
There are many obscene and blasphemous narratives in the Bible, some of the obscene narratives in Bible can not be narrated here due to the vulgarity; hence only references are mentioned: Judges;19;16:30, Genesis;9:20-27, 19:30-38, Genisis;19:8, Ezekiel; 23:1-4, 4:12-15, Isaiah;20:2-4, 2 Samuel; 6:20, 11:4, 11:6-25; 1Kings;11:4-7 & 11:9-11. Due to the contradictions, inaccuracies, interpolations, violence and obscenities one may then only accept the Bible as a faulty, inaccurate conglomeration of pseudo-historical and religious records that various chronicles have collated under the illusion of divine inspiration, which can not be taken as the authentic word of God to form basis of doctrines for a sound faith.
Bible does not mince words for the violent, ruthless and indiscriminate wars of extermination:
"Now therefore Kill every male among the little ones, and Kill every woman (female) that hath known man by lying (having sex) with him. "But keep Alive for yourselves all the Girls and all the women who are Virgins."(Numbers;31:17-18); “Now go and smite Amalek, and utterly destroy all that they have, and spare them not; but slay both man and woman, infant and suckling, ox and sheep, camel and ass.”(1Samel;15:3); 'And they Utterly Destroyed all that was in the city, both man and woman, young and old, ox and sheep, and Ass, with the edge of the sword"(Joshua;6:21); “slay utterly the old man, the young man and the virgin, and little children and women; but come not near any man upon whom is the mark: and begin at my sanctuary. Then they began at the old men that were before the house.”(Ezakhel;9:6); “and thirty-two thousand persons in all, women who had not known man by lying with him.”(Numbers; 31:35). “But in the cities of these peoples that the LORD your God gives you for an inheritance, you shall save alive nothing that breathes,(Deuteronomy;20:16);"He (Joshua) let None remain alive." (Joshua;10:28). “Let the high praises of God be in their mouth, and a two-edged sword in their hand; To execute vengeance upon the heathen, and punishments upon the people; To bind their kings with chains, and their nobles with fetters of iron; To execute upon them the judgment written: this honor have all his saints. Praise ye the LORD” (Psalm;149:6-9).In the New Testament the Jesus Christ (peace be upon him) says: “But as for these enemies of mine, who did not want me to reign over them, bring them here and slay them before me.”(Luke;19:27); “Think not that I came to send peace on the earth: I came not to send peace, but a sword.”(Mathew;10:34), “I came to cast fire upon the earth; and what do I desire, if it is already kindled?” (Luke;12:49),“Do you think that I have come to give peace in the earth? I tell you, no, but rather division.”(Luke;12:51); “And, behold, one of those who were with Jesus stretched out his hand, and drew his Sword, and struck a servant of the high priests, and cut off his ear.”(Mathew;26:51). Saint. Paul, in commending the worthy fruits of Faith, mentions the warriors of the Old Testament as his ideals: “And what more shall I say? For time would fail me to tell of Gideon, Barak, Samson, Jephthah, of David and Samuel and the prophets -- who through faith conquered kingdoms, enforced justice, received promises, stopped the mouths of lions, quenched raging fire, escaped the edge of the sword, won strength out of weakness, became mighty in war, put foreign armies to flight.” (Hebrews; 11: 32-34). The monkish morality of the Gospels in their present form has never been followed by any self-respecting Christian in the history. The Crusades (1095-1291 C.E), Spanish inquisition against Muslims, Jews and Church inquisitions against different Christian sects on the pretext of heresy resulted in the death and destruction of millions.
There are many obscene and blasphemous narratives in the Bible, some of the obscene narratives in Bible can not be narrated here due to the vulgarity; hence only references are mentioned: Judges;19;16:30, Genesis;9:20-27, 19:30-38, Genisis;19:8, Ezekiel; 23:1-4, 4:12-15, Isaiah;20:2-4, 2 Samuel; 6:20, 11:4, 11:6-25; 1Kings;11:4-7 & 11:9-11. Due to the contradictions, inaccuracies, interpolations, violence and obscenities one may then only accept the Bible as a faulty, inaccurate conglomeration of pseudo-historical and religious records that various chronicles have collated under the illusion of divine inspiration, which can not be taken as the authentic word of God to form basis of doctrines for a sound faith.
Unscientific Narratives & Contradictions in Bible:
Secondly; the Biblical narrative of Creation is
unscientific, replete with contradictions: On the first day, God created
light, then separated light and darkness (Genisis;1:3-5) where as the sun
(which separates night and day) wasn't created until the fourth day
(Genisis;1:14-19); trees were created before man was
created.(Genesis;1:11-12,26-27), Man was created before trees were
created.(Genesis;2:4-9); birds were created before man was
created.(Genesis;1:20-21, 26-27), man was created before birds were
created.(Genesis;2:7, 19). God was pleased with his creation (Genesis;1:31 ), God was not pleased with his
creation (Genesis;6:5-6).
Thirdly; Contradictions in the history and statistics, which are glaring,
The story of flood at Genesis 6-9 contradicts
with Genesis 7:2-3. The "Lord" tempted David (2Samuel;24:1) or
"Satan provoked David (IChronicles;21:1), David’s fight with Goliath differs with one an other (1Samuel;17:56 , 16:18 -23 & 16:18 -19). The number 700 or 7000?
"Horsemen" or "Footmen"?(2 Samuel;10:18 ) viz (1Chronicles;19:18 ). Solomon had 2000 baths or 3000
baths?(1Kings;7-26 viz 2Chronicles;4:5). Solomon had 4000 stalls of horses or
40000? (2Chronicles;9:25
viz 1Kings;4:26 ). Did Saul
enquire of the Lord or didn't he? (1Samuels;28:6 viz 1Chronicles;10:13-14).
Bible does not mince words for the violent,
ruthless and indiscriminate wars of extermination: "Now therefore
Kill every male among the little ones, and Kill every woman (female) that hath
known man by lying (having sex) with him. "But keep Alive for yourselves
all the Girls and all the women who are Virgins."(Numbers;31:17-18); “Now
go and smite Amalek, and utterly destroy all that they have, and spare them
not; but slay both man and woman, infant and suckling, ox and sheep, camel and
ass.”(1Samel;15:3); 'And they Utterly Destroyed all that was in the city, both
man and woman, young and old, ox and sheep, and Ass, with the edge of the
sword"(Joshua;6:21); “slay utterly the old man, the young man and the
virgin, and little children and women; but come not near any man upon whom is
the mark: and begin at my sanctuary. Then they began at the old men that were
before the house.”(Ezakhel;9:6); “and thirty-two thousand persons in all, women
who had not known man by lying with him.”(Numbers; 31:35). “But in the cities
of these peoples that the LORD your God gives you for an inheritance, you shall
save alive nothing that breathes,(Deuteronomy;20:16 );"He (Joshua) let None remain alive."
(Joshua;10:28 ). “Let the high praises of God be in their
mouth, and a two-edged sword in their hand; To execute vengeance upon the
heathen, and punishments upon the people; To bind their kings with chains, and
their nobles with fetters of iron; To execute upon them the judgment written:
this honor have all his saints. Praise ye the LORD” (Psalm;149:6-9).
In the New
Testament the Jesus Christ (peace be upon him) says: “But as for these enemies
of mine, who did not want me to reign over them, bring them here and slay them
before me.”(Luke;19:27 );
“Think not that I came to send peace on the earth: I came not to send peace,
but a sword.”(Mathew;10:34 ),
“I came to cast fire upon the earth; and what do I desire, if it is already
kindled?” (Luke;12:49 ),“Do
you think that I have come to give peace in the earth? I tell you, no, but
rather division.”(Luke;12:51); “And, behold, one of those who were with Jesus
stretched out his hand, and drew his Sword,
and struck a servant of the high priests, and cut off his ear.”(Mathew;26:51).
Saint. Paul, in commending the worthy fruits of Faith, mentions the warriors of
the Old Testament as his ideals: “And what more shall I say? For time would
fail me to tell of Gideon, Barak, Samson, Jephthah, of David and Samuel and the
prophets -- who through faith conquered kingdoms, enforced justice, received
promises, stopped the mouths of lions, quenched raging fire, escaped the edge
of the sword, won strength out of weakness, became mighty in war, put foreign
armies to flight.” (Hebrews; 11: 32-34).
The monkish morality of the Gospels in their present form has never been
followed by any self-respecting Christian in the history. The Crusades (1095-1291 C.E), Spanish inquisition against
Muslims, Jews and Church inquisitions against different Christian sects on the
pretext of heresy resulted in the death and destruction of millions.
There are
many obscene and blasphemous narratives in the Bible, some of the obscene
narratives in Bible can not be narrated here due to the vulgarity; hence only
references are mentioned: Judges;19;16:30, Genesis;9:20-27, 19:30-38,
Genisis;19:8, Ezekiel; 23:1-4, 4:12-15,
Isaiah;20:2-4, 2 Samuel; 6:20, 11:4,
11:6-25; 1Kings;11:4-7 & 11:9-11. Due to the contradictions, inaccuracies,
interpolations, violence and obscenities one may then only accept the Bible as
a faulty, inaccurate conglomeration of pseudo-historical and religious records
that various chronicles have collated under the illusion of divine inspiration,
which can not be taken as the authentic word of God to form basis of doctrines
for a sound faith.
The Corruption of The Scripture:
The corruption and non adherence to the Old and New
Testaments by Jews and Christians respectively forms the basis of their
replacement with the Final Testament. God says: “God accepted a Covenant from
the Children of Israel and appointed twelve chieftains from among them and
said: "I am with you; if you establish Prayers (Salah) pay Alms (Zakah),
believe in My Messengers, support them and give a generous loan to Allah (spend
in charity), I will certainly forgive you your sins and admit you to gardens
beneath which the rivers flow. However, if any one of you, after this, violates
this Covenant, he will indeed go astray from the Right Way . Even after that, they broke
their covenant; as a result, We laid on them Our curse and hardened their
hearts. They tempered with words out of their context and neglected much of
what they were enjoined. You will always find most of them deceitful except for
a few of them. Yet forgive them and overlook their misdeeds. Allah loves those
who are kind to others. Likewise We also made a Covenant with those who call
themselves Christians, but they too have neglected much of what they were
enjoined. As a result, We stirred among them enmity and hatred, which will last
till the Day of Resurrection and soon God will inform them all of what they
have done. O followers of Bible (People of the Book i.e. the Jews and Christians)!
Now Our Messenger (Muhammad) has come to
you to reveal much of what you have concealed from the Holy Books and to pass
over much which is no longer necessary. There has come to you from God a new
Light and a clear Book (Qur’an), with which God will guide to the ways of peace
all those who seek His good pleasure and bring them out of the depth of
darkness into the light of His grace and guide them to the Right Way.”
(Qur’an;5:12-15).
INDEX:
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